Abstract:Instrumental to the concept of sustainability must be the search for feasible ways to implement sustainability, especially connecting heritage and tourism. This should be understood in relationship with the persistence in time and the current and future conception of the human-made environment. This study deals with the spatial characterization over time of the urban sprawl close to and around two important archaeological areas: Kom el Shoqafa, Egypt and Shush, Iran. For both of the investigated sites, change detection analyses have been conducted using satellite declassified Corona and multidate Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery available for free from the USGS Earth Explorer. The study involves the collection of Corona 1964, Landsat TM 1984, Landsat ETM+ 1998 and L8 2016. The past and current urban and agricultural areas have been extracted by using consolidated classification techniques. Analyses and quantification of the spatial dimension of the urban expansion showed that, for both the study sites, urban areas have expanded to a significant percentage. In particular, the analysis of Corona and Landsat TM, ETM+, L8 imagery in Kom el Shoqafa revealed that, for the urban area, the evaluation of the change detection presented generally increasing chronology in both of the study areas, but for the agriculture lands, we can see that the changes sometimes decreased and sometimes increased. As a whole, outputs from our investigations clearly highlight that the current availability free of charge of long term satellite time series provides an excellent low cost tool for several applications including environmental monitoring and change detection to observe and quantify urban and land use changes from a global down to a local scale. We examine the capabilities of integrating remote sensing and GIS and suggest some innovative solutions to preserve the archaeological sites.Keywords: space data; urban sprawl; sustainable development; cultural heritage; archaeological conservation
spatial manager autocad crack 2016 50
Mine spoils are an important driver of environmental damage and land degradation, causing the disappearance of soil and vegetation; increases in erosion by wind and water; pollution of air, soil, and water; and general deterioration of the landscape (Mukaro, Nyakudya & Jimu, 2017). Coal mining will result in different degrees of surface damage and deformation, causing ground fissures (Yang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2015). Ground fissures have no obvious frame structure. The numbers of fissures, fissure blocks, and nodes are relatively small. The depths of the fissures are also different. Ground fissures have relatively strong spatial variability yet clear self-similarity (Díaz-Fernández, Álvarez-Fernández & Álvarez-Vigil, 2010; Li et al., 2018). These factors lead to different preferential flows (Guo et al., 2018). Cheng (2016) determined that the preferential flow of fissures was a direct factor in the change in the soil environment in a mining area and a driving factor of soil erosion in a mining area, and soil crevice preferential flow provides a preferential path for water to transport soil particles from the surface layer to the deep layer, and crevices with soil particles filled will become long-term preferential flow paths. Yan et al. (2018) carried out a study on ammonia concentration and particle size change in soil during the rainfall-runoff process and found that ground fissures with uneven settlement not only changed the surface topographic gradient and soil structure significantly but also aggravated the transport intensity of nutrients and particles in soil with runoff in the horizontal direction. Moreover, the authors determined that the soil cracks produced by surface subsidence formed a series of groundwater preferential flow paths and promote nutrient transport towards a deeper layer. Ground fissure preferential flow was the important driving factor for soil erosion. The subsidence area without any vegetation in Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield has been taken as research area. Two test points were set in a 50 m 50 m testing area, then 4 g/L bright-blue solution was used to dye it, and images were taken in 1 horizontal and 5 vertical sections, and the characteristic of preferential flow in the soil cracks of a coal mining subsidence area (Guo et al., 2018). In addition, soil cracks accelerate water infiltration into deep soil along cracks, reduce soil shear strength, raise groundwater levels, and induce natural disasters such as landslides and debris flows (Krzeminska et al., 2012; Kukemilks et al., 2017; Ma, 2017; Woerden, 2014). Reclaimed mine soil is an important manifestation of land degradation, which is caused by vegetation degradation, pressure station land and serious soil erosion. Therefore, understanding the land degradation response to preferential flow is essential. 2ff7e9595c
Comments